Pump and dump
 Image: original illustration, memecoin.wiki | |
| part of speech | noun |
|---|---|
| scene | Crypto Twitter, Telegram, securities fraud |
A manipulation scheme in which promoters inflate an asset's price with hype and coordinated buying, then sell their holdings into the induced demand.
A pump and dump is a manipulation scheme in which promoters inflate an asset's price through hype and coordinated buying (the pump), then sell their own holdings into the demand they created (the dump), leaving late buyers with losses. The pattern long predates crypto: it is a classic securities fraud associated with thinly traded microcap stocks, illegal under United States securities law, where promoters spread false information and sell into the resulting rally.
Mechanics
Crypto adapted the scheme to its infrastructure. In the blunt form, organized Telegram and Discord "pump groups" name a coin at a scheduled time and members buy simultaneously, with organizers positioned beforehand. In the trenches form, the roles map onto launch mechanics: the dev and insider wallets hold cheap supply from the bonding curve or a bundle, attention is manufactured through shill campaigns, paid kol posts, and engagement farming, and the dump lands on retail buyers who arrived last, converting them into exit liquidity. Academic and legal commentary notes that enforcement in crypto has been thin compared with equities, because tokens sit in a contested regulatory zone and organizers are pseudonymous. Analysts describe much of the meme coin economy as a continuous, permissionless pump and dump loop, differing from the stock version mainly in speed: a full cycle can complete in minutes.
Usage
On crypto Twitter "PnD" or simply "it was a pump and dump" is the standard postmortem for a collapsed chart. The phrase overlaps with soft rug pull, with the distinction that a rug implies the creator's exit while a pump and dump emphasizes the orchestrated hype cycle.
History
The term comes from twentieth century stock fraud, popularized by cases involving boiler rooms and penny stocks. Crypto usage dates to the Bitcointalk altcoin era of the early 2010s and has remained constant through every subsequent cycle.